Prejudice and Racism Today :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

...Everybody hopped on him, beat the damnation out of him...  Everybody was hitting him or kicking him.  One person was kicking at his spine.  Another person hitting on the side of the face...  He was unconscious.  He was dying. Everyone had blood on their forearms.  We ran back up the slope snickering... He ought to have died...  He lost so much blood he turned white.  He got what he merited (Ridgeway 167.)           The skinheads who played out this irregular demonstration of racial brutality in 1990, had no motivation to severely beat their casualty other than the way that he was Mexican (Ridgeway 167).  Racism is dispassionately characterized as any act of ethnic separation or segregation.  Fortunately, racial viciousness is consistently declining as the turn of the century approaches.   Now another type of prejudice, incognito prejudice, has as of late sprung from the weights of political rightness. This new type of prejudice, albeit gradually declining, still gives indications of solid support (Piazza 86).  Covert bigotry accept a type of common defiance against politically right idea and discourse. Basically, secret bigotry is a covered up bigotry, or a prejudice not effectively recognized (Piazza 78).  Bigotry is still emphatically common in the present society (Gudorf 3).           The three diverse fundamental types of prejudice, open bigotry, vicious prejudice, furthermore, secret prejudice every single express type of contempt towards unmistakable ethnic gatherings (Drinking spree 47).  These fundamental types of bigotry, albeit diverse in structure, all have a similar fundamental reason, to advance prejudice. Open prejudice communicates opportunity of racial idea and speech.  Open racists advance their perspectives through carefully persuasionary tactics.  This type of bigotry is permitted in our general public as a result of the First Amendment.  Open bigotry is at present practically nonexistent and consistently declining, on the grounds that it is considered politically erroneous and socially unsatisfactory. Fierce prejudice advances bigotry through viciousness, dread, and persuasionary strategies (Leone 49)  This type of prejudice isn't secured by the First Amendment since it elevates viciousness to communicate its thoughts. Lamentably numerous brutal racial gatherings guarantee they don't advance savagery, and thusly these gatherings are secured by the First Amendment in light of the fact that insufficient adequate proof exists to demonstrate their rough purpose (Ridgeway 123).           Covert prejudice communicates thoughts of bigotry in camouflaged structures; here and there the incognito bigot isn't even mindful of the way that he is racist.  Bigotry, it is attested, is not, at this point outright: individuals these days are hesitant to communicate straightforwardly their aversion of and scorn for minorities, in reality are not set up to express openly an assumption that could be interpretted as racist.  Racism, it is stated, is unobtrusive: it is masked, kept far out (Enrlich 73)  The

Different Attitudes

Question: Look at the changed perspectives towards sex wrongdoers between the brain research and non brain science understudies. furthermore, clarify the engaging insights and inferential measurements. Answer: Distinct and Inferential insights We need to locate the distinct insights for the various factors under examination. Likewise, we need to utilize the inferential insights or two route examination of fluctuation for checking the huge contrast between the various perspectives towards sex guilty parties among brain research and non brain research understudies. In the clear insights, we need to discover the recurrence circulations for the various factors with respect to brain science and non brain research understudies. In the inferential insights, we need to see the two route investigation of fluctuation for testing the noteworthy distinction in the given degrees of the factors under examination. Most importantly, we need to see the unmistakable insights for the given factors. The recurrence dissemination for the factors is given as beneath: Recurrence Distribution In this theme, we need to see the recurrence disseminations for the various factors under examination. For the given information, according to sex conveyance, there are 22 male and 32 female saw in the information. The level of the male is given as 40.7% while the level of the female is given as 59.3%. For the appropriation of the ethnicity, there are 16 white people, 12 are dark British, 9 are Asian British, 2 are blended while 15 are African. Around 29 people are old enough range 18-24, 15 people are of 25-34, seven people are of 35-44, two people are of 45-54 and one individual are old enough more than 55. From the given information, it is seen that around 22 people see the BBC news, seven people see the ITV news, seven people see the channel 4, and two people see the channel 5 news while nine people see the SKY news. Additionally, it is seen that 35 people see the anecdotal wrongdoing dramatizations while 19 people don't see the anecdotal wrongdoing shows. Around 29 people see th e wrongdoing channel or narratives and 25 people don't see the prime channel or narratives. It is seen that around 14 people read the Guardian paper, 15 people peruses the paper SUN, 13 peruses The day by day mail, 6 understands Independent, three peruses every day broadcast while three peruses the mirror express. It is seen that around 38 people utilize the Facebook while 11 people utilize the twitter and 5 people utilize the instagram. Two Way ANOVA Presently, we need to see the two way ANOVA which is given as beneath: Here, we need to check the theory whether there is any critical contrast exists between the various degrees of the factors, for example, male and female sex guilty parties because of brain research and non-brain science understudies. The invalid and elective theory is given as underneath: Invalid speculation: H0: There is no any critical distinction exists between the various degrees of the factors such male and female sex wrongdoers because of brain science understudies and non brain science understudies. The elective speculation is given as beneath: Elective speculation: Ha: There is a critical distinction exists between the various degrees of the factors, for example, male and female sex guilty parties because of brain research and non-brain research understudies. For this two path investigation of change, it is important to set up the degree of essentialness or alpha worth and we accept the degree of centrality or alpha incentive as 0.05 or 5% We need to check this case or speculation by utilizing the two path examination of fluctuation or two way ANOVA test. The two route investigation of difference or ANOVA test for checking this speculation is summed up as beneath: Presently, we need to take the choice dependent on the p-estimations of the given components or factors under investigation. We realize the choice principle which is given as beneath: We don't dismiss the invalid speculation if the p-esteem is more noteworthy than the given degree of hugeness or alpha worth and we dismiss the invalid theory if the p-esteem is not exactly the given degree of essentialness or alpha worth. Here, we are given a degree of essentialness or alpha worth = 0.05 or 5% level of criticalness. For this two way ANOVA we get the majority of the p-values more prominent than alpha worth 0.05, so we don't dismiss that there is no any huge distinction between the given levels and replications. Consequently, we infer that there is no any critical distinction exists between the various degrees of the factors such male and female sex guilty parties because of brain research understudies and non brain research understudies. References: Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, second ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972. Robert V. Hogg, Allen T. Craig, Joseph W. McKean, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, sixth ed., Prentice Hall, 2004. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, second ed., Duxbury Press, 2001. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979. Diminish J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.

Retreat! Retreat!

Retreat! Retreat! I just returned from a retreat for my sorority, Alpha Chi Omega. We spent the past 24 hours at the Endicott House , an MIT owned mansion in a Boston suburb used for conferences. It was amazing to hang out with my sisters in such a beautiful setting, surrounded by antiques and eating meals prepared by a gourmet chef. The retreat was a mix of bonding and business. Sororities at MIT are quite large, with about 80-100 members, so it is generally difficult to schedule events that everyone can attend. The turn-out was amazing, considering we’re a month into the term and the first round of exams have started, yet about 70 girls attended. Some activities included scavenger hunts, improv skits (apparently I’m hard to make fun of? Surely I provide plenty of material on this blog), event planning, and discussions. This upcoming week, October 2 â€" October 8, is Domestic Violence Awareness week, so also took time to prepare for our philanthropic event. All week, we will be selling carnations and irises to raise money for the Boston Area Rape Crisis Center, which “provides free, culturally sensitive, age-appropriate services to rape survivors and/or their families from Cambridge, Boston and other cities and towns within the Rte 128 belt.” Everyone on campus should buy some flowers for their friends while supporting a great cause! Our room! And my roommate! The hallway to our second room and bathroom. Keepin it classy.

Essay on Slavery In Illinois - 1556 Words

Slavery in Illinois This essay talks about the dated events that happened in Illinois, focusing on slavery, from the time it begun, whether it should be implemented or not, its abolishment, and up to the time it ended. The paper also contains a well-opinionated reaction about slavery, how it is different from today. The Civil War Period has always been the primary hub of teaching in any American History classes. The era between the American Revolution and the Civil War was of a great importance since it has been the best and worst part of the western civilization during those times. The limelight was theirs when we turn back the pages of history. Consequently, slavery as an economic system and as a moral disgrace is one of the very†¦show more content†¦There were enacted laws such as slave codes and the like. These law restricts the slaves’ liberty and freedom and further protects the institution of slavery. These early years of slavery enabled Illinois to have an Idea about how it would be of a great help if there were slaves in Illinois. In the year 1720, Kaskasian Commandant named Pierre Duque had quoted how 100 Negroes could be used for this kind of settlement. And so, this was the first time African slavery was proposed in Illinois. (Eckberg, 145). There, slavery had begun. It continued up to the years of the French, and British era in Illinois and ended in the year when Illinois was declared to be a free constitution in 1848. Jesuits have claimed to have 16-18 African slaves in Illinois during the French time. The Jesuits in Illinois during that time were able to buy slaves as they were the wealthiest people in Illinois. They own acres of land that they needed slaves to remove their lands and use them for agricultural purposes and a miners. (Eckberg 143) It was said that a person named Philip Francis Renault was the first person who could have brought slaves from Haiti to Illinois in 1719 to work on mines. 500 slaves were promised, and there was an agreement that 25 Negroes will be sent annually, but most of them were never sent due to the reason that the operations were never successful. It was uncertain how many slaves were brought by Reynauld, but figures show it was not 500. Reynauld holds the titleShow MoreRelatedLincoln-Douglas Debate Essay examples1458 Words   |  6 Pagesdebates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas that took place in 1858 had extreme importance in Illinois that created ef fects that decided the presidential election of 1860. The Lincoln Douglas debates were a series of several debates that took place all over the state of Illinois. In these debates, two men argued in order to express their beliefs and standpoints on certain issues, primarily slavery, in an attempt to be elected into a seat in the U.S. Senate. The two men that participated in theseRead More Debates Essay685 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; After being nominated to the Illinois legislature, Lincoln gave his famous â€Å"House Divided† speech which caused much grief between the North and the South. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A short while after he was nominated, Lincoln challenged Stephen A. Douglas to a series of debates. Douglas quickly accepted, and named seven sites in Illinois for these debates. Lincoln could have proved his stand against slavery in a Senate debate, but the debates with Douglas receivedRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln: The Little Details1741 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood Abe was aware of his world, for he was all about fairness and honesty (â€Å"Abraham† para. 8). Slavery was a big part in Abe’s life (â€Å"Abraham† para 4-6). His dad was so against slavery they moved in 1816, at age 7, because of it (â€Å"Abraham† para. 4-6). With the moving away from family members, he also lost his mom and younger brother during infancy (â€Å"Abraham† para. 4-6). Abe and his dad agreed on slavery, but they never got along other than that (Maclean 103). His dad was a very strong man (MacleanRead MoreDred Scott V. Sanford Case1718 W ords   |  7 Pages† Britannica.com states that â€Å"Dred Scott decision, formally Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 6, 1857, ruled (7–2) that a slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in a free state and territory (where slavery was prohibited) was not thereby entitled to his freedom; that African Americans were not and could never be citizens of the United States; and that the Missouri Compromise (1820), which had declared free all territories west of Missouri and northRead MoreSlavery And The United States1673 Words   |  7 Pageswhen slavery existed, blacks were undermined and denied many freedoms entitled to them under the Constitution. There were many topics argued about, but slavery caused the most dispute within the country. In the 1850’s, the pro-slavery South and the anti-slavery North collided when the case of Dred Scott, a black slave who attempted to gain liberation, was brought to court. The North and South had vastly different views on the subject of slavery, Scott had resided in the free state of Illinois withRead MoreThe Seven Lincoln Douglas Debates866 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates were a series of political debates for a Senate seat of Illinois between Abraham Lincoln, Illinois lawyer and the Republican candidate, and Stephen A. Douglas, senator from Illinois since 1847, for the Democratic Party. Lincoln and Douglas held one debate in each in seven congressional districts in Illinois. The first debate was held on August 21, 1858. Ottawa, north-central Illinois, The debates centered on the issue of slavery. Douglas accused Lincoln with trying to â€Å"abolitionize† the WhigRead MoreAbe Lincoln and Slavery Essay example659 Words   |  3 PagesAbraham was born a poor farmhand boy in Kentucky, but he moved from small cabins in Kentucky, Indiana, and finally settled in Illinois. He was a farmhand for his father in these states and didnt have much exposure to slavery , although, these states did have black/slave laws. Lincoln got his first dose of slavery at the age of eighteen when he was hired to take a flatboat down to New Orleans. I quote from Lincoln: A Photobiography Lincoln would never forget the site of black men, women, and childrenRead MoreA Biographical Examination Of A Major Historical Figure980 Words   |  4 Pagessupport his family), he continued to read with the determination to improve his mind. Before entering politics, Lincoln lived in Illinois and worked a variety of jobs. As a young man, Lincoln was a wrestler in Illinois, impressing others by his physical strength. Lincoln was trying to attain knowledge while working on a farm and keeping up at the store in New Salem, Illinois. Lincoln eventually became a store owner in New Salem, he became more social and loved story-telling, which made him popular withRead MoreDred Scott s The Supreme Court Of The United States1452 Words   |  6 PagesMissouri as of 1830. Mr. Dred Scot t has presided residence in both Illinois and Wisconsin Territory, accompanied by his slaveholder. The Illinois and Wisconsin Territories are free, meaning that no man nor woman can be private property of another. Because of this, Mr. Emerson has no control nor jurisdiction over Scott. Mr. Scott resided in free territory for several years, therefore, he must leave this courtroom as a free man. Although slavery is not abolished in the South, it is abolished in both of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Stephen A. Douglas1082 Words   |  5 PagesYork, and in 1833 he moved to Illinois where he would become a resident and be part of major changes in history there. This state is where Douglas really found his home. Douglas was a politician in the United States, a Democratic Party leader and an orator. Andrew Jackson influenced Douglas greatly, and Jackson really grabbed Douglas’s attention and interest. Douglas ended up building his career as a Jacksonian. He helped to organize the Democra tic Party in Illinois. In this state, he introduced

List Of Potential Sources And Guide Essay - 1684 Words

Group 1 HTrack List of Potential Sources and Guide Part 1 Document Reference: List of Potential Sources and Guide Document Version: 1.0 Date of Issue: 11-Sep-16 Table of Contents 1 PURPOSE 3 2 OVERVIEW 3 3 PRE-REQUISITES 3 4 DEFINITIONS 3 5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 3 5.1 PROJECT TEAM 3 6 PART 1 – PROJECT PROPOSAL 4 6.1 OVERALL DESCRIPTION 4 6.2 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SYSTEM 4 6.3 BENEFITS/ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 6.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND MODULES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 6.5 DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZARION OF THE SYSTEM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 7 PART 1 – LIST OF POTENTIAL SOURCES 7.1 Mr. Amit Mistry (CTO, India) Advisor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7.2 Mr. Smiten Mahidadiya (Software Engineer) Advisor 7.3 Dr. Vinod Ramanuj (Professor, India) Professor 7.4 Rhonik Reddy (System Analyst, Qualcomm) Friend 7.5 References 8 PART 1 – 5 8.1 LIST OF QUESTIONS 5 9 GROUP DIARY AND WORK COMPLETED 7 9.1 09/07/2016 - 09/11/2016: 7 10 LESSONS LEARNED 7 10.1 UNDERSTANDING,PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF THE SYSTEM: 7 10.2 MANAGEMENT AND LEARNINGS: 7 11 REVISION HISTORY 7 1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to list down all the details about HTrack and its scope, benefits of the system, limitations, system components, information about development and commercialization of the system. 2 Overview The analysis and design project is a group assignment to analyze andShow MoreRelatedWriting a Great Research Paper1643 Words   |  7 PagesPicking an A+ Topic Study Guide Video Aided Instruction, Inc. Roslyn Heights, New York 1 #VAI-S1914 v1.0 This study guide should be used along with a program published by Video Aided Instruction, Inc. For more information, call 1-800 -238-1512 or visit us online at videoaidedinstruction.com. This study guide should be used along with the following program published by Video Aided Instruction. The instructor works through the exercises found in this guide – and much, much more – duringRead MoreWgu Ebt 1 Task 2 Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesEvidence-Based Practice Applied Nursing Research Western Governors University BSN Program Karolina O’Loughlin Student ID: 256940 Type of Sources / Appropriateness of Sources / Classification of Sources American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. It also establishes guidelines when to treatRead MoreBusiness Plan1172 Words   |  5 Pagesthe business you plan to start including a list of your skills and knowledge, which will be required in your business. Personal Background and Education Credentials (Session 2): Describe yourself, including your education. SECTION 3: COMMUNICATIONS Computer and Communications Tools (Session 3): Furnish a tabulation of each piece of equipment you intend to use including a description and the budget for each. You can use the following as a guide. Resource Requirements: Communications Read MoreEssay about Knoxville, Tennessee Emergency Operations Plan989 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper examines the emergency action plan for Knoxville, Tennessee. In the course of the examination, it will compare and analyze the plan for Knoxville with the standards set forth in the textbook for this course along with other recognized sources in the field of emergency management. Knoxville, Tennessee With a population of nearly one hundred and seventy nine thousand in the city and nearly eight hundred and fifty thousand in the metropolitan area, Knoxville, Tennessee is the third largestRead MoreThe Software Development Plan ( Sdp ) Essay708 Words   |  3 Pages1. Overview The software development plan (SDP) provides an overview of the schedule, tasks, and resources required to build and deliver the Bed and Breakfast room management tracker. This document will list, in detail, the project assumptions, deliverables, and schedule. 1.1 Summary 1.1.1 Purpose, Scope and Objectives The objectives of the RMT are to provide software to increase the efficiency of personnel managing small bed and breakfast company. By providing a software application to manage theRead MoreEssay on Uniting Business And It944 Words   |  4 Pagesenterprises, these business managers do not understand the technical possibilities, and the IT managers do not understand the business goals. The cultural divide between the business managers and IS/IT managers causes a knowledge-gap that becomes a source of great conflict, putting pressure on business initiatives and technical imperatives. Unfortunately, most enterprise applications, infrastructures and information services are not flexible enough to keep pace with the requirements of dynamic Read MoreDevelop Android City Tour Guide Application Using Web Services1041 Words   |  5 PagesSurvey paper on Develop Android City Tour Guide Application Using Web Services Karan Shivankar karanshivankar01@gmail.com Devesmita Shil devasmitashilit@gmail.com Shital Pofare shitalpofare2013@rediffmail.com Abstract:-combination of good phone and web services is the trend of longer term software application. Mobile phones are more than just making calls. Now a day mobile phone is a necessary part of the people’s life. There is continuously risingRead MorePurpose Of Facilitating A Case Study Research964 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy. However, those with learning disabilities will not be included in this study. Recruitment will be done with the permission and aid of the administrators of the chosen school, who will provide a list of potential participants given the criteria for inclusion in the study. Those on the list will be contacted through their email addressed to send invites as participants of the study. Interested participants will have to reply to the email with a signed informed consent that they will receiveRead MoreDevelop Android City Tour Guide Application Using Web Services1300 Words   |  6 PagesDevelop Android City Tour Guide Application Using Web Services Karan Shivankar, Devesmita shill, shital pofare Abstract:-combination of good phone and web services is the trend of longer term software application. Mobile phones are more than just making calls. Now a day mobile phone is a necessary part of the people’s life. There is continuously rising in a number of mobile Computing applications, centred on the people’s daily life. It allows accessing. It allows accessing several applicationsRead MoreLinkedin. Com : Website Analysis772 Words   |  4 PagesLinkedIn.com has quickly become one of the primary sources for identifying passive candidates. Review the site and describe the tools (i.e., job postings and recruiter seats) available to companies. What do they do? LinkedIn.com is an incredible site to be discovered by employers. The way one gets discovered by employers is that LinkedIn.com allows users to create a free online account and personalize it to match who you are. With that said, some of the features that a user can use to make an

New Faces for Mars Free Essays

Mars often referred to as the Red Planet, has long been a subject of fascination; speculation about the existence of â€Å"Martians† was widespread early in the twentieth century; for example, issues of Scientific American in 1920 described possible communication with Mars using search lights and giant mirrors to reflect sunlight (Greeley 115). According to Greeley (2001), other proposals for communicating including digging huge trenches in the form of mathematical symbols in the Sahara Desert; these trenches were to be filled with kerosene and signal aflame to signal Mars. Based on Greeley (2001), although these ideas were never carried out, they reflected intense public interest in Mars. We will write a custom essay sample on New Faces for Mars or any similar topic only for you Order Now Telescopic observations of Mars began in the late nineteenth century and provided fuel for speculation about the nature of Mars. Space exploration of mars was initiated with the Mariner flyby in 1965; although it took only 22 close-up pictures covering a tiny fraction of the surface and showed the presence of a lunar like craters (Greeley 115). According to Greeley (2001), the geologic diversity of Mars was finally revealed by the Mariner 9 spacecraft. The Viking mission was the most complicated unmanned mission flown in the solar system according to Greeley; consisting of two orbiters and two landers. And in 1997, Mars Pathfinder landed and returned information for a third site on Mars; these missions have set the stage for more complex future missions including the return of samples to earth. It has been discovered before that more craters are older with some around 19 km across. Volcanism is also fascinating on Mars, which is said to have lava flowing but I’m not sure if this was really true. It is also said that the Red Planet has no plate tectonics and its outer layer doesn’t move horizontally, only its outer layer moves vertically. As for Mars’ other features, it is said that weathering and erosion are observed with dominated dust storms – global dust storms and sand dunes. It has also been said that there has been past flowing water before but this argument hasn’t been verified yet. As for the aliens wearing helmet, I doubt it because as of now there hasn’t been any findings of its existence. Maybe this might be true if water will be discovered in Mars. Due to advance research and technologies, I think that as time passes by, more and more findings could be discovered. If before, images are vague and cannot be distinguished easily, today, more and more sophisticated tools are being used to capture Mars’ images. Now, Mars’ tectonic features are more detailed compared before. It has also been found out that Mar’s volcanism is widespread and more diverse and young. Despite a virtual generation of studies based on newly devised technologies of space, Mars remains something of an enigma to man; fly-by, orbiting and landing missions by increasingly sophisticated space probes have revealed more about the Red planet in the last thirty years that had been gleaned in all previous centuries, but there are still many mysteries to be solved (Kargel ix). According to Kargel (2004), they range from the question of where Phobos and Deimos, the diminutive Martian Satellites, came from whereabouts of water which once sculptured much of the planet’s surface; these many more questions will only be answered after years, perhaps decades, of effort; and because the planet and its satellites preserve much of the ancient history of the solar system, they are important questions of science. Works Cited Kargel, J. S. Mars: A Warmer, Wetter Planet. New York: Springer Publishing 2004. Greeley, R. Batson, R. The Compact NASA Atlas of the Solar System. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. How to cite New Faces for Mars, Essay examples

Roman And Greek Kingdoms Essays - Trojans, Aeneid,

Roman And Greek Kingdoms The Romans, unlike the Greeks were not gifted in abstract thought. They constructed no original system of philosophy, invented no major literary forms, and made no scientific discoveries. Yet, they excelled in the art of government and empire building, they created a workable world-state and developed skills in administration, law, and practical affairs. In the Punic Wars, the Roman republic defeated the Carthaginians in North Africa and Rome inherited the Pergamene Kingdom from the last of the Attalids in 133 B.C. Rome became heir to the legacy of the Hellenistic world of the Greeks. The Hellenistic period which lasted 300 years in is noted by the death of Alexander in 323 B.C. It is marked by its rich, sophisticated and diverse culture. Many Romans were eager to merge with this Greek culture in order to exhibit the dominance of their rule over conquered societies. This exhibition of dominance was the primary motivation of the Roman desire to possess fine works of Greek Art. Whereas, other Romans, were convinced that the pursuit of the assimilation of foreign cultures would only harm the republic. During this time, much social disintegration and unhindered individualism threatened political stability. However, the adoption of Greek art for Roman needs was very popular. An educated Roman was well versed in the history of Greek Art and was socially compelled to collect Greek art for personal embellishment. The modernization of the old Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia is an example of the new Roman attitude toward art and architecture as Greek artists migrated in vast numbers to the new capital of the world. Roman generals and their quest to establish Rome as the new unchallenged capital of the world justified the expense of replanning the old sanctuary. This accomplishment would bring them personal glory and uplift the majestic status of Roman people. Roman architecture benefited as the city's wealth grew as other leaders contributed to the expansion of new monuments. Lucias Cornelius Sculla, (82-78 B.C.) led the Romans is Social War and later became dictator and master of the city of Rome. He brought Corinthian columns form the temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens to renew the shrine of the Roman Jupiter in the capital. This act symbolized the transferal of spiritual power from the aristocracy of the Senate to autocratic leaders, and art began to be shaped by their preferences. This satisfied the Roman desire for grandiose architecture by being the model of Hellenistic majestic ornate style. The first leader to resolve the conflict of this desire for "magnificence beyond anything the world had ever seen" and the moralistic fear that Greek art was "corrupting Roman virtues" was Augustus Caesar. He used art as imperialistic treasures with his building program. Some examples of his architecture are; the Forum, Council House and Temple of Apollo on the Palatine. These examples illustrate effectively the might and grandeur of the Roman Empire. The reign of Augustus brought forth the mindfulness of other art forms, such as literature. Virgil (70-19 B.C.), was a Roman poet, who wrote the great epic poem, the Aeneid (30-19 B.C.) during the last ten years his life. This masterpiece contained 12 books, and was written in dedication and praise to the glories of Augustus and his empire. It celebrated the Roman imperial values in the role of its Trojan hero Aeneas, who is destined to found a new city in Italy. Virgil was patronized by Maecenas on behalf of Octavian (later the emperor Augustus). He composed in the traditional Homeric meter of hexameters. In contrast to the Iliad and the Odyssey, the Aeneid, is considered the first great literary epic, while Homer's epics are deemed works of oral poetry. Virgil constructed this epic at the request of Augustus, to glorify Rome whereas, Homer chose to create based on societal morals. The late art of the Roman republic is synonomous to the last stage of the Hellenistic art period of Greece. Most masterpieces of Roman art are Greek. Imitations were common at that time, due to the Roman admiration of Hellenistic artistry. Roman art greatly resembled Hellenistic art in both style and convention. As illustrated by the famous antique sculpture, Laoco?n and His Sons. This group was discovered in Rome in 1506. It is believed to be an original carving of the second century B.C. and it was thought to have been based on an Hellenistic masterpiece depicting Laoco?n and only one son. It was found in the remains of the palace of the emperor Titus. Other fragments of Hellenistic groupings were found in a

Organisational Development in the Nursing Field

Organisational Development in the Nursing Field Free Online Research Papers Organisational development (OD) is widely documented in a plethora of literature many theorists suggest that OD is science based and its topics are rooted in behavioural sciences. OD emerged in the 1960s in order to support organisations with incremental changes which appeared very topical at the time. Paton et al (2005) suggests the prevailing emphasis of OD is on incremental change however OD originated in developing gradual or first order change within existing and established frameworks. In more recent times OD is required to respond to transformational change (Burns 1978, Bennis Nanus 1985, Marriner-Torney 1993). This form of change involves changing existing frameworks including attitudes, beliefs and cultural values. A commonality of both these types of change is that they require top down support towards strategy. However from reading a plethora of literature on OD an evident weakness is that not all change is instigated top down, ideas for change can and do come from any level within an organisation and sometimes pressures for change can be bottom up. Bottom up change lacks power and consequencely this could have a negative effect on the OD process. OD focuses on the process of change rather than the task and is linked to â€Å"soft data† (Peters Waterman 1982). There are numerous topics associated with OD including organisational climate, conflict, culture, management development, employee commitment all according to Mullins (1994) improve organisational performance. Mullins (1994) suggests all topics have to be interlinked or interdependable of each other to gain improved organisational performance. However it could be argued how the accuracy of outcomes are measured or quantified. As changing the interlinked topics may or may not increase outcomes, profits/performance could be increased by external changes and may not always be related to topics involved. Many Authors have tried to define/suggest a purpose of OD including (Beckhard Pritchard 1992, Schein 1985, Boddy Buchanan 1992). The literature suggests OD lacks a commonly agreed definition that is accepted as capturing its nature, principle and extent (Paton et al 2005). The emerging themes from the literature suggests OD applies behavioural science to achieve planned change. Goals include improved organisational effectiveness through using systems theory to analyse organisational issues (Ludwig Van Bertalanffy 1968.) OD appears to be a management discipline of significance to the settings approach in the workplace it creates an enabling workplace where people work effectively towards strategic goals aligning leadership, structure, relationships and learning towards goal attainment. A key theme of OD is improving organisational efficiency in conjunction with improving the quality of employees working lives (Brauche 2001, Saunders Barker 2001). This relates to the art and practice of linking people with purpose to reach and achieve strategic goal and is very much people focused. For the purpose of this paper I shall be critically evaluating OD processes and frameworks in line with current literature and applying these processes to current OD practices within the National Health Service (NHS) and more specifically to the Primary Care Trust (PCT) in which I work. I shall be producing the following OD strategy â€Å"Developing skill mix into the Evening District Nursing Team to provide service delivery in a more efficient and effective manner†. (See Appendix A outlining strategy). I will discuss the OD process used to formulate the strategy and plan the change and critically analyse this process. I will focus on the formulation of the change situation within the PCT and discuss common elements of change and how these elements proactively bring about change within the organisation. I shall evaluate the potential effectiveness of the strategy and the potential impact it may have on the organisation. In order to provide the contextual setting for this project it is important to briefly outline my role within the NHS and examine the changes in the NHS during the recent years. The NHS is a large organisation employing people with a wide range of talents, one of the smaller parts being the Primary Care Trust (PCT) for who I work. My role within the PCT is a clinical/operational management role integrated into a senior nursing role. I manage six District Nursing teams including the evening nursing service and work half time as a District Nurse. I report directly to a Performance/Service Development Manager who in turn reports to the Associate Director. The PCT employees approximately 1150 staff the majority are clinical staff providing community services. The past structure of the NHS has been embedded in a hierarchical â€Å"top down† controlling system styles, yet with the â€Å"Modern NHS† this culture is changing (Lucus 2005, Zimmerman et al 1998). The Government White Papers and National Health Service (NHS) Policy documents (DoH 1997, 1998a 1999, 2001, 2002) reflects plans for a modern NHS and outlines the Government plans for 2000 – 2010; These White Papers build a tangible base on which change for the NHS is based, providing anchoring points for the change on an incremental basis. Smith (2005) discusses how incremental change increases employees readiness to change this is very much evident in the aims and objectives of the PCT. The evening nursing service consists of 34 staff which equates to 6.79 whole time equivalent staff (see Appendix C) the staff all work part time and the majority have more than 10 years service. A service review reported some team members were not working to their grade and there was a need for skill mix within the team to meet the complex care needs of patients on their caseload. This review highlighted highly trained staff undertake clerical duties and simple tasks due too lack of appropriate grade of staff within the team. Community nursing has had to respond to changes from the Government and to the additional pressures including an increase in workload both on day time Community Nursing services but also on the ENS. These pressures are influenced by increasing numbers in the client group District Nurses visit, and the frailty/dependency of these clients. Demographic changes identify that the number of the elderly will increase with a dramatic rise amongst those aged 85 and over adding to District Nursing caseloads in the future. As more people are nursed in primary care the demand for out of hours community based nursing services such as the ENS has steadily risen. The care these clients receive has increased in complexity with the influx of continuing care clients and Active Case Management clients into the service. However despite all of the above the skill mix within the team has remained stagnant. OD INTERVENTIONS LITERATURE REVIEW Many authors discuss approaches to OD what it is and how it is used within organisations, however in practice OD never neatly fits into one approach as change can be chaotic with unexpected combinations and outcomes (Iles Sutherland 2001). Themes/Approaches to OD The OD processes for developing plans for change are based on an ideology of planned participation and democracy (Stacey 1996). These processes rely on change agents facilitating change rather than imposing change. Action Research is one intervention which helps to define a problem and participants then have ownership of that problem (Darwin et al 2002). Action Research The concept of Action Research is traced back to Lewin in the 1940s (Darwin et al 2002). Lewin argued in order to understand change and certain social practices social scientists must include practitioners from the real work in all phases of the inquiry (McKernan 1991). Lewin drew on theories of progressive education of the educational philosopher John Dewey. Carr Kemmis (1986) were critical of Lewins work around Action Research suggesting that democracy and group decision making were viewed as a technique to again the cooperation of workers rather than a fundamental principle for social action and in practice I feel this sometimes happens. Action Research is often referred to as a management tool for the introduction of change and the strength of Action Research lies in the coupling of participants and research to action and change. This type of change process reflects change in practice as a change agent in this process you need to be part of the change process to understand and empathise with the journey of the change and the people involved. As we know from practice change never runs smoothly, and at times unless you are personally involved in the change you can struggle with the emotions from staff affected from the change. Action Research creates spiral steps composing of planning, action and evaluation – the evaluation element being the results of the action (Kemmis McTaggert 1990). Action Research is a rigorous and systemic approach toward OD which uses scientific methods to initiate the change it uses research to enhance practice at a practical level. This type of OD is used in the NHS where care is evidence and researched based. It does require expertise and discipline to use it efficiently and effectively. The change agent requires knowledge and understanding of the Action Research process and knowledge of the validity of research, and the ability to think analytically around evidence and research before putting it into practice. There are 3 types of Action Research: Technical, Practical, and Emancipatory (Darwin et al 2002). The type more commonly used is practical where the researcher and practitioner comes together to identify a potential problem, it gives joint ownership of the problem associated with the change. The practical type gives more flexibility than the technical approach as it allows participants to problem solve as they move through the change which in turn can give multiple perspectives of the problem. This type of Action Research fits well into the ethos of the NHS and the principles that problem solving complex health and social problems lies beyond the ability of any one professional/team and large group intervention is required supported by a change agent to constantly monitor evidence and research to ensure practitioners constantly deliver evidence based. However a criticism of Action Research is that in a hierarchical organisation the empowering element of Action Research is often difficult to achieve due too the power structure involved within the organisation. The cultures in the NHS have changed people now constantly question practice and engage in new enquiry. Staff are actively encouraged to problem solve at shop floor level and Action Research would help staff to perform this. Specifically the methodology used in Action Research has the potential to be useful in areas such as developing innovations, improving healthcare and developing knowledge. Whitehead (2005) discusses how Action Research is gaining acceptance in healthcare management however examples of this in the literature are limited (Waterson 2000, Harrison 2000). Unfortunately Action Research has yet to gain widespread acceptance in the Health Service despite the fact clinicians in the NHS use evidence and research on daily basis. Action Learning Action Learning is an approach to OD which involves the development of people in organisations which takes the task as the vehicle for learning (Pedler 1991). Action Learning is learning from what is happening in the workplace opposed to acquiring new knowledge, although programme knowledge can be introduced into an Action Learning programme as it can give a conceptualised framework to the programme. Many Authors suggest that OD cannot be undertaken on an individual basis as it requires a group to formulate the process and Action Learning brings about changes in people via group work because individuals within the group influence each other and this can be an excellent way to change culture within organisations. Action Learning is a way of learning from Actions and there are 2 important elements to Action Learning:  · Group work: people who work together on their â€Å"doing† and their â€Å"Learning†  · Regular meetings: to allow time for questioning, understanding and reflecting (Weinstein 1999). The involvement of groups in Action Learning makes it effective for introducing change into an organisation and most importantly culture change (Weinstein 1999). Culture change can be difficult to change within organisations as attitudes are not born in us they are formed in groups for example family or work groups and these groups are instrumental in changing our attitudes and beliefs. Group work enables attitudes to change over a period of time and Action Learning enable this process. Changes in people comes about in groups because individuals influence each other and Action Learning sets out principles to challenge people in a group setting, which in the long term will help staff to address change in the workplace. Action Learning is embedded in the theories of Reg Revans (1983, 1982, 1998) but uses the Kolb Revans learning cycles which involves learning from our actions and suggests there can be no learning without action. Action Learning promotes the creative integration of thinking and doing to form learning. The theory of Action Learning consists of a number of elements:  · Programmed Knowledge  · Questioning  · Action  · Reflection Learning should also be greater than the change, thus programmed knowledge and questioning must be learnt faster than change to avoid becoming dated. Action Learning helps to conceptualise a problem the Action Learning set works through the symptoms of the problem narrowing the symptoms down to fine detail in order to get to the exact root of the problem this in itself can be challenging. Action Learning is used as a diagnostic at the implementation stage of a change to diagnosis a problem and it uses tactic knowledge for problem identification (Weinstein 1991). Several Authors suggest Action Learning produces slow results and can take time for people to develop their skills in order to gain full benefits from the set. People can struggle with the balance between accomplishing their task and learning from it and embracing the challenge of the group dynamics. For organisations that prefer quick results Action Learning may not be the appropriate approach to use. Action Learning requires commitment from employers through time and personal development. Sets can work on a task for a period of 6 – 12 months before producing results within an organisation. Employers need to understand this prior to committing their staff to the set. Long term outcomes from Action Learning can be measured in the form of professional development and organisational outcomes but it takes time to measure. Not all employers are able to commit this time and expense. Another common psychological barrier to Action Learning is the perception by the employees that they neither have the time or inclination to learn (Peters Smith 1996). However a counter argument to this is that Action Learning can develop an inclination for employees to become lifelong learners not only developing a learning organisation but a learning society (Koo 1999). Deloo Verstegen (2001) suggest that Action Learning may lead to personal growth but lacks results in organisational growth. Zuber-Skerritt (2002) challenges this suggestion by stating the Authors have not conducted successful Action Learning programmes themselves and show poor understanding of the theoretical concepts that is a pre-condition for successful Action Learning programmes. Whilst there are clearly benefits gained from Action Learning programmes both at a personal and professional level the financial benefits of such programme have never been quantified. One could argue that some organisations may not want employees developed so they constantly question and challenge and equally some employees would not want this either. However these organisations and employees would be left behind in a rapidly changing environment where people and organisations are facing uncertainties and challenges on a daily basis. Action Learning is a powerful tool in enabling managers to recognise and deal with ambiguity and anxiety and develop strategies for group learning. This learning group can be a microcosm of the organisation. The Action Learning model is an example of a powerful organisational intervention and can appeal to managers who may be unwilling to engage in a more traditional intervention, but yet Action Learning fits well in with today’s transformational management style. Action Learning sets in practice appears to contribute to and support transformational change in practice (McNamara 2006). OD STRATEGY FOR THE CHANGE WITHIN MY OWN ORGANISATION. Clinical performance indicators are powerful tools by which the quality and effectiveness of Health Care can be monitored and measured (Harvey 2004). Information gained from these indicators can assist in the restructuring and the redesign of care delivery. Community Nursing Services uses clinical performance indicators in the form of caseload profiling and caseload analysis to monitor the effectiveness of District Nursing Services. These clinical performance indicators are not deemed to be exact standards rather they are designed to be flags which alert the organisation to possible problems and or opportunities for improvement. A recent performance indicator highlighted that the Evening Nursing Service (ENS) lacked skill mix within the team resulting in highly trained staff performing task orientated skills and clerical work. DOH (2001) The NHS Plan documents strategies to ensure the right mix and numbers of professionals employed are in the right place at the right time. These documents supported the performance indicator by highlighting the need to analysis and optimize the ENS service. The skill mix within the team is highlighted in Appendix C and the staff work in pairs in the evening. I as the manager of the ENS was assigned the task of working with the team to plan a strategy for change to restructure the skill mix within the ENS service using the must appropriate OD intervention. The ENS team is a well established team and the skill mix within the team was stagnant, staff had been in post for many years, therefore the ENS has developed its own culture over the years and I was aware this culture would be hard to challenge and change. Culture can be an important enabler or inhibitor of change and understanding the role of organisational and professional culture is important (Davies et al 2001). Culture is often strong which means it can have a powerful impact on an organisation but it is not always positive and I felt this reflected the ENS team. The NHS echoes the words of culture â€Å"The way we do things around here† (Lundy Cauling 1996). This type of culture is classed at level three of Scheins1988 model of culture defined as the truest level of culture within an organisation – the taken for granted or invisible culture and this is was reflected in the ENS team. This strong culture can inhibit change especially when new strategies are implemented that go against the entrenched culture and basic norms as the change agent you can then become face to face with the power of culture. I was very aware that the power of the culture within the ENS was going to be difficult to change therefore I deci ded to use an approach by Gagliardi (1986) â€Å"Cultural incrementailism† which incorporates new cultures alongside old ones until the new cultures overtake and become embedded. This type of culture change does take more time to happen but I felt if I was going to change the skill mix in the team I could not change it overnight, new staff would have to work alongside old staff hopefully binging in modern views helping to change the culture in a gradual manner. I was aware from Waldersee Griffiths (2003) that the weakness of many change interventions is often attributed to failures in the implementation process rather than the strategy itself. Participative approach toward change appears to be a more conducive approach to use as its methods include support for the change from the work force. Spreitzer (1996) relates participative approaches to empowerment were employees believe they are important assets in the organisation and whilst this may true theoretically it is worth noting that there will always be employees who will resist change and clearly allowing them to participate in the change programme can increase the resisting factors of the change (Lewin model 1951). The clinical performance indicators which initiated this change were higher management led, which is indicative of OD. Therefore this change strategy involved using a three way approach: Ø Rational – Empirical approach Chinn Benn (1996), Nickols (2003) Ø Participatory approach See Appendix Ø Action Research using the Practical Interest model incorporating Kurt Lewin (1951) model of change. The aim of this approach was to allow the ENS team to perceive and understand the need for the change and then assist them as the change agent to develop responses through team participation (Stacey 2000). The Action Research element of the strategy would allow the team to have ownership of the change by building on the past but using research and evidence to move forward. Whitehead (2005) suggests post modern Action Research represents a much better fit for today’s modern NHS in line with current reforms in the Health Service Agendas, as the Action Research approach focuses on inclusion and participation as a means to transform and restructure organisations. From the literature I feel Action Research represents â€Å"best practice† for achieving organisational change and this underpins my choice of OD intervention (Zuber-Skerritt 1996). The Practical model of Action Learning would allow myself as an internal change agent and the team to work together to improve practice through the application of personal experience of the group (Grundy 1982). The Rational – Empirical approach (Chinn Benne 1996) fits into a top down approach of change which makes explicit which changes are necessary and targets the organisational elements assuming that staff will change to accommodate the change that people are rational beings and will follow their self interest. But a negative aspect of this approach is that note everyone is rational in a change situation either overtly or covertly and therefore this approach should be used with caution. The Participatory Approach would encourage all team members to get involved in the change and make democratic team decisions, employees who are involved in change develop an ownership for the change which can translate into commitment and motivation (Emery Emery 1993). A key mechanism of attitude change in a participatory approach is the generation of support for change among the workforce, without this support the change can be viewed as unlikely to succeed (Waldersee Griffiths 2003). Whitehead (2005) echoes my thoughts about using a participatory approach as it makes change easier to achieve when those affected by the change are involved in each cycle and therefore own the change. THE OD STRATEGY IN ACTION The first meeting with the ENS team was to â€Å"Diagnosis† the need for the change (Whitehead et al 2003). I was the â€Å"internal† change agent due too my detailed knowledge of the service this knowledge included actual work on the service, and felt this would give me credibility from the team members. As a team we looked at and analysed the caseload profiling and workload review of the ENS team, alongside reviewing associated literature on up-to-date evidence based on caseload profiling of an ENS service in a neighbouring PCT and then compared and contrasted the results. This relates to the Action Research element of the strategy. I also asked all team members to forward think prior to the first meeting and bring ideas with them of how they would like the service structured with rationales for their decisions. I felt this would encourage a participatory approach towards the strategy and forge constructive relationships with all team members (Whitehead et al 2003 ). My intension was to give the team members ownership of the change and in return for them to give commitment to any choices which may be made (Arygris Schon 1978). My hope was these interventions working jointly would lead to a cultural change within the team. By the end of the first meeting the majority of staff did agree that the skill mix within the team was inappropriate and therefore the problem was â€Å"Diagnosed†. Everyone went away to think about their â€Å"Ideal† team and bring their ideas to the next meeting. The second meeting fostered a field force analysis (Lewin 1958) (see Appendix C). This became the unfreezing process (Lewin 1958). One of the aims of the meeting was to create the conditions necessary for a successful change (Burnes 1992). We focused on problems and opportunities which were identified and I as the change agent tried to increase the driving forces to make the meeting positive and productive. As a group we also undertook a SWOT analysis to highlight strengths and weaknesses which allowed us to devised a plan of â€Å"where we are now and where we go from here† with a time frame. Again this group work was creating the spiral steps of Action Research (Kemmis McTaggert 1991). I was aware at this meeting of the criticisms made by Carr Kemmis (1986) as previously discussed and my aim was for the group to have a social action opposed to me as the internal change agent gaining cooperation of the workers, therefore I undertook a more facilitator role within the group to remove any power status the staff viewed of me. I also wanted the individuals within the group not only to learn the task (what the group is working on) but also I wanted the group members to equally focus on the process (how the group is going about the change) to enable them to conceptualise the whole process. This conceptualising would allow the group to use a deeper level of OD intervention where activities involved in the change process are geared to helping individuals discover hidden aspects of their personalities and relationships within the group, which could help to change the culture within the group. One of the key issues identified from this meeting was the need to bring into the team a lower grade of untrained staff to address clerical issues within the team, a task presently undertaken by anyone in the team including highly trained staff, and also to lower the grade of the present team leader post of the team (which was vacant) in order to give the post more hours. This relates to Arnold et al (1998) when he talks about job redesign, where a job is re configured to give greater variety in the workplace in order to motivate people and to give more autonomy to empower people. This was the aim of the team discussion around the introduction of new grades within the team. This new design would ultimately improve the teams quality of working and the main drivers for this redesign were the present inappropriate use of skills. The meeting concluded by staff being asked to scan the literature around job redesign and skill mix, and to bring their findings to the next meeting. Individuals within the team volunteered themselves to write the lower grade job description for discussion at the next meeting. This meeting had an overall positive feel and ownership of the change did emerge from everyone present. This reflected the â€Å"practical† approach of Action Research – problem solving. This meeting concluded with change targets and outcomes agreed and formal systems appertaining the change were formalised. As the internal change agent working with the team it was interesting to note the type of players within the team shapers, finishers and plants (Belbin 1981). I was aware had all the players in the team been the same type of players then dynamics of the group could have been very different, giving different results to the change process. Schein (1992) suggests the concept of culture has its roots in theories of group dynamics and growth understanding, the dynamics can help develops strategies for change and organisational culture relating to team work or indeed can inhibit the change process. The third meeting was a brief meeting to discuss the job redesign and complete the new job descriptions. At this meeting senior staff were asked to be on the interview panel for the new posts alongside myself. This inspired the team as they had never been invited to sit on an interview panel before. I felt this learning opportunity really gave the team empowerment and ownership of the change in action. Although this change process was initiated† top down† this really gave the change a â€Å"bottom up† feel. My transformation leadership style (Patton 1990, Burns 1978) allowed me to see and share my knowledge around recruitment with the team, this systems approach to learning allowed me to combine formal training with on the job coaching to the team around the recruitment process. My aim was to develop the team to use double loop learning while they are in the change mode, encouraging them to question taken for granted beliefs (Argyis Schon 1978). However for double loop learning to occur the team needed to continue to develop a culture that supported change and risk taking and this included having an openness that encourages dialogue and expression of conflicting points of view. The refreezing process was when the new lower grade staff were in post. These were Band 2 and Band 6 staff. As a team we reviewed the whole change process four months after the new staff were in post. This evaluation monitored and established the effectiveness of the action taken during the Action Research process. We measured the effectives of the change by previously agreed outcomes and targets. These outcomes included:  · Less Bank nurse useage  · More staff on duty each evening – allowing appropriate grades of staff to undertake appropriate roles  · Moral of team improved  · Less sickness within the team The team agreed that all outcomes had been achieved and all team members felt more supported and happier in their role. This outcome supported the literature from Brache (2001) and Saunders Barker (2001) who both suggest the purposes of OD is to improve organisational effectiveness but also improve organisational health and quality of working lives. CONCLUSION The NHS culture has been created and sustained by its history, plurality of purpose, structures, uses and pro values and these are difficult to change in any change processes. Achieving and sustaining effective organisational change and renewal is imperative in any organisation. The people in an organisation can be either the key to achieving effective change or the biggest obstacle to success, and this can largely depend on the appropriateness of the OD intervention used. The price of failed change efforts can be high including loss of credibility on parts of leaders/managers. Leaders need to create a readiness for change at both at an individual and employee level and the NHS is no exception. However this change will depend on how leaders initiate the change and on which OD intervention they use to carry out the change. OD has been used many times in years gone by and to some degree OD is currently in a state of evolution as OD practices and techniques have become mainstream into the basics of management principles (Wooten White 1999). I felt using Action Research to initiate and facilitate my strategy for change worked positively in conjunction with my transformational leadership type. My understanding is that the best people to bring about change are those involved in it and who understand it best. Using Action Research as an OD intervention did involve all the team members in the whole change process and it brought about new learning and experiences for the team members and ultimately jelled them together as a team more cohesively. Using Action Research allowed the team to determine the conditions of their own lives at work, improving their working lives and conditions of work which in turn allows them to work more effectively. This strategy of change is a micro change within the PCT but has achieved macro results. As a manager I am aware that as a team we do not want to refreeze permanently in this new state, we need to view this as a transactional change where change occurs continuously to improve efficiency and effectiveness within the work place. Ambitious goals such as the achievement of the NHS plan will require that the NHS becomes an organisation able to embrace continuous, emergent change but will depend on the people in the NHS becoming more skilled in handling change and the use of OD interventions in a complex environment with multiple stakeholders, conflicting objectives and considerable constraints (Iles Sutherland 2001). Research Papers on Organisational Development in the Nursing FieldInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

The Freelance Writing Course Closes Tonight

The Freelance Writing Course Closes Tonight The Freelance Writing Course Closes Tonight The Freelance Writing Course Closes Tonight By Daniel Scocco Well be closing the doors of the DWT Freelance Writing Course this Friday, September 30, at midnight (GMT). Thats within 12 hours, so if you were planning to join, well, do it now! As we mentioned before the course is a 6-week program aimed at people who want to get started making money freelance writing online. You’ll get in-depth lessons on everything you need to know, plus an exclusive forum where you can get all your questions answered. We’ve got a 60-day money back guarantee: you can take the whole course and, if you decide it wasn’t right for you, just let us know and we’ll give you a no-hassle refund. Ah, you can keep the bonuses, even if you ask for a refund! Heres what one of our past students said about it: I find that your course gave complete value for money, which very seldom happens elsewhere. The technical tips were great, necessary and very helpful, of course. What I liked most however, is that although I had a lot of questions, very few I had to actually raise myself because other people (not the same ones each time) raised them first at the private forums. This caused me to realize that there were many other would-be writers in the same position that I was in: wanting to write, hoping to make a living from writing but not sure how to go about it. (Samuel Lewis, United States) What are you waiting for? Click here to read all the details and join us!. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtThe Six Spellings of "Long E"How to Style Legislative Terms

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 15000 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The Model of Work Stress is a model that is also recommended by The Management Standards, and continuously updated and revised by Palmer and Cooper (2003). It explains the relationship between the main stress-related hazards, the symptoms and outcomes. Qualitative research was conducted on 50 participants taken from a sample of NHS healthcare workers who responded through email and personal interviews. Out of the 60 contacted healthcare workers, 50 responded and answered the questionnaires which became the basis for the Analysis of the Results. Some of the questions asked in the interview and questionnaire involved ‘harmful errors’ and ‘near misses’; i.e., whether the respondents made the mistakes as a result of work related stress. The answers and suggestions of some of the participants in the survey proved intriguing yet worthy of scrutiny and analysis for possible recommendations and future study. Work related stress is on the rise in many occupations but mostly upon health workers. Health workers in the NHS do their job round the clock and the impact has resulted into stress, thereby causing illnesses and sicknesses and subsequent early retirement. It is presumed that many succumb to stress, after a day’s work – or the whole week’s work – of caring for the sick, the emergency victims, the aged and the disabled who always give a call. NHS employees are subjected to a rigorous work; they are out there in the open giving first aid to emergency victims, in hospitals and clinics, providing care and treatment, and even in NHS offices and facilities doing work for health improvement. Varied reasons were provided by nurses who had left NHS, some of which are lack of career progression, limited professional development, resistance to service improvements, non-family-friendly working patterns, bullying, inflexible and hierarchical management, poor morale, dangerous or inadequate

Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War - Essay Example Lincoln’s actions resulted in the success of the civil war. During the American Revolution and the adoption of the constitution, there emerged differences between the North and the South. The conflicts were based on their varying opinions on establishing a new nation. Sectionalism increased in the country promoting the start of the civil war due to the different cultural and economic perspectives between the northerners and the southerners. The interest of each of the sections was more crucial to its people than the interests of the whole country. The civil war could also have started because of the differences between the Free States and the slave States over the power of the national government to stop slavery in the regions that were not yet stated. The different philosophical positions of the north and the south over the power of the federal government further facilitated the civil war. Southern philosophers supported the notion of the states’ rights. The southerners feared that the federal government could have the ultimate powers to own slaves as it did in Northwest Ordinance and Missouri. According to the southerners, the states had the authority and not the people who, are represented by the federal government (Finkelman, 2011). On the contrary, the Northerners recognized the ultimate power of the federal government The debate over Slavery is cited as the other cause of the civil war. The Republicans opposed the idea of expanding slavery into the territories and aired their views through their candidate, Abraham Lincoln. On the other hand, the Democrats supported the right of southern states to take the slaves into their territories. The northerners emphasized on containing the slaves claiming that the slaves were valuable to the Northern region.  

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Heat Transfer Through Extended Surface 1. Objective To determine the temperature distribution and heat flow along the extended surface and comparing the data with theoretical analysis 2. Equipment Required Heat transfer service unit Extended surface heat transfer accessory Data logging accessory 3. Theory The term extended surface is commonly used to depict an important special case involving heat transfer by conduction within a solid and heat transfer by convection (and/or radiation) from the boundaries of the solid. Extended surfaces are used to increase the surface area and to increase the total rate of heat transfer. A temperature gradient exist between two different temperature surfaces for heat transfer. The temperature distribution along the fin or pin must be known to determine the heat transfer from the surface to its surroundings. Plate fins are mostly used in aircrafts, cryogenic and other industries. By considering the insulated tip extended surface the temperature distribution in terms of hyperbolic function expressed as ÃŽ ¸/ÃŽ ¸Ã¢â€šâ€™ = Cosh[m(b-x)]/ Cosh(mb) (1) Where, ÃŽ ¸ = T(x) - T∞ (⠁ °C) ÃŽ ¸Ã¢â€šâ€™ = To - T∞ (⠁ °C) To = fin base temperature (⠁ ° C) T∞= free stream fluid temperature (⠁ °C) b = fin height (m) x = coordinate (m) m = (4h /k d) ½ (1/m) h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m ² ⠁ °C) k = thermal conductivity of fin (W/m ⠁ °C) d = fin diameter (m) The heat transfer, Q, for a pin fin is found using the relation Q = (h P k A) ½ tanh(m b) (2) Wh... ... 4.5In = 0.1125m Tx = 45.56 ⠁ °C At x = 6In = 0.15m Tx = 44.17 ⠁ °C 5. At 16V, To = 47.2 ⠁ °C , T∞ = 22.78 ⠁ °C Heat Transfer Q = √(hPKA) (To - T∞) tanh(mb) Q = √0.0422 Ã'… (47.2 – 22.78) tanh( 9.01 Ã'… 0.1524) Q = 4.413 W At 25V, To = 67.7 ⠁ °C , T∞ = 22.78 ⠁ °C Heat Transfer Q = √(hPKA) (To - T∞) tanh(mb) Q = √0.0422 Ã'… (67.7 – 22.78) tanh( 9.01 Ã'… 0.1524) Q = 8.1178 W Result 1.The Heat transfer through the fin at supply voltage 25V is approximate double to the heat transfer at supply voltage 16V. 2.As the value of x increases value of Tx decreases continuously. For 16V, For 25V, Conclusion From the experimental result it is shown that as the distance increase from the heat source temperature decreases. Graphs also shows the continuous temperature decrement in the positive x direction.

Lord of the Flies- the Proof of Savagery

The Proof of Savagery When we first open our eyes to this vast world, we are simultaneously introduced to a civilized society. We are taught in school to do the right things and avoid wrong behavior: respect and consideration is crucial, harassment and bullying is unacceptable. But, what if we are placed on a deserted island, where there are no pre-established rules or norms for us to follow and stick to? Does our human nature reveal itself then?Do we start to believe in survival of the fittest, thus lose all sense of reason and pity? Do we forget all the rules of society civilization? In Lord of the Flies by William Golding, a group of boys are forced to learn to live harmoniously after a plane crash, which lands them in a foreign island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. In the process, some manage to remain rational and in control, as their leader Ralph, whereas others gradually transform into savages and intimidators, as the aggressive hunter, Jack.Golding introduces the stark c ontrast between civilization and savagery and how human nature is exposed at critical moments through many symbols that echoes throughout the book. The interactions between the older and younger boys, the ‘beastie’ and death are three of the many symbolisms that show the different actions and thoughts of people placed in a difficult, or even impossible situation. The saying â€Å"Survival for the fittest† is often seen in the wild, where stronger animals hunt down the weaker ones.A civilized society educates people not to scornfully despise or put down others. The group of boys on the island consists of both older and younger kids. The interactions between them show how human nature can retain its purity and goodness, as well as reveal its selfish and merciless side, exemplifying the conflict between civilization and savagery. Jack, Ralph and Piggy were three of the older boys. Jack, compelling and authoritative, often ignores the littluns and doesn’t real ly care about their safety and needs.When the older boys are out hunting for the beast, Ralph is concerned about who would take care of the little ones. Jack cries ‘Sucks to the littluns! ’ (101), though he knew that there are possible dangers on the island, as previously a littlun with the paint on his face had vanished after mentioning about a ferocious snake. Piggy, despite his older age than the littluns, is laughed at and made fun of by everyone, including the tinier kids. Jack demonstrates the uncaring, self-centered aspect of human nature, which leads him to radually savagery; while Ralph and Piggy both show the considerate and amiable nature of us. However, Piggy also reveals that being overly unopinionated and softhearted can result in being bullied and manipulated. As the plot progresses, we observe how Jack becomes increasingly uncompassionate and callous, neglect the littluns or merely use them to exhibit his power and authority. When he separated from Ralph ’s group and lead the ignorant littluns to their own site, he abused Wilfred to show off his capability. ‘He got angry and made us tie Wilfred up. (159) Roger recalled. After the commotion and showdown, ‘The newly beaten and untied Wilfred was snif? ng noisily in the background,’ (160) haven’t been punished and harmed by no specific reason. Ralph is extremely nice and accepting to the littluns from start to finish, but at the end of the novel, the littluns influenced by Jack’s desire for blood and murder, are driven to hunt Ralph down as if he was an animal. Ralph’s interaction with the little kids so the civilized side of human nature, with cannot sustain very long with the simultaneous presence of savagery.Piggy, unfortunately, met his end because of the Jack and his affected and corrupted ‘minion’ littluns. The interactions between the older and younger boys prove that human nature become crystal clear in a desperate sit uation, but evil and savagery usually unfortunately takes over and attacks the civilized. Fear is a small and inevitable part inside each animal being. On the island, the boys worry and ponder over the ‘beastie’, making guesses about what it is, what it looks, what it wants etc.The beastie in the novel, does not exist at all, its existence only mistaken by the boys having seen the dead pilot crashing down; in fact, it symbolizes the fear within boys, and how their anxiety, doubt and panic are strengthened over time and reflect their transforming personalities. In the beginning, the boys really lead a carefree life on the island. In their innocent perpectives, the island was a paradise without the supervision of strict adults. However, as Jack and certain boys started to develop an obsession in hunting, their behavior brings the ‘beast’ into existence.This figment of their imagination stands for the primal animal instinct of savagery. As the boys become incr easingly savage, their belief beast grows stronger and more persuasive. Jack stated â€Å"When you’re hunting, when you’re on your own, you catch yourself feeling as if you’re not hunting, but—being hunted, as if something’s behind you all the time in the jungle. † (53) Their assumption in the existence of the beast represent the breakdown of the civilized society and development of savagery.Towards the end of the novel, not only did the boys offer sacrifices to the beast so it wouldn’t bother them, they even brutally killed Simon having mistook him for the vicious creature they had been forever dreading. Savagery had blinded them completely, hindering their ability to tell whether the beast was real. Death may seem like one of life natural processes, that everyone will experience death. However, in throughout this novel, the seemingly simple and uncomplicated word death symbolizes the uncontrollable urge and yearning to but through f lesh and spill blood.Death is important in the book because the ends of different characters truly uncover how savage and insane the boys had become. In the beginning, when Ralph, Jack and Roger first encountered a piglet, Jack pulled out his knife in preparation to kill it. But he couldn’t perform the deed, and all three â€Å"knew very well why he hadn’t: because of the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living ? esh; because of the unbearable blood. † (31) At that point of time still, blood seems to be such a taboo subject that is unendurable and disgusting.However, at least for Jack, the perception of this red fluid, and even death, totally changed after his first successful kill. From then on, Jack and the other boys have lost their sanity, from killing animals to their own kind, boys they had lived with for the past weeks. First, there was the unintentional death of Simon; then, the deliberate murder of Piggy, and finally, the hunt for Ralph , before which the boys consciously prepared for; Roger even â€Å"sharpened a stick at both ends. † (190) Death is no longer a scary or distant thing for these ferocious boys.In contrast and in fact, since they had been savagely corrupted, they embraced the blood and flesh that came along with death. This symbol shows how uncivilized most of the boys had become over the course of their stay on the island. In conclusion, the conditions of the environment on the island in Lord of the Flies expose the true human natures of different characters in the novel. Some are naturally unforgiving and menacing, while others are rational and pleasant, even under harsh or unimaginable situations.The interactions between the older and younger boys, the â€Å"beastie† and death are three symbols that showed the naked distinction between civilization and savagery. Regrettably, when people are not restrained or limited by already created rules, they tend to turn to cruelty, savagery, an d barbarism. These vices spread more easily than do the virtues of remaining civilized, and this is why society crumbles and collapses without respected and obeyed laws which everyone is willing to live by in harmony and accord.

Choices Moral Development ( Kohlberg ) - 1223 Words

Daniella Pineda BA Social Science Education / Social Studies Education Fall 2017 Case #4 – Choices - Moral Development - (Kohlberg) Analysis: Feeling pressure from his authoritative father and from his friends Russell cheats and turns in an old test paper and is found out and is embarrassed in front of the entire class by Mr. Willow. Russell is at the conventional level of Kohlberg s Theory of Moral Developmental. As an eighth-grader, he has only recently entered this level which begins for most at the age of ten. Russell is currently experiencing the good boy/good girl orientation stage. He is trying to live up to his father’s expectations to make good grades and be allowed to participate in extracurricular activities. He is also†¦show more content†¦Russell would greatly benefit from doing the assignment over. Russell s cheating stemmed from having no support at home and an unneeded pressure from his peers. Bong (2008), found that parent’s assuring children about their academic capabilities and support at home leads to success in the classroom and the forming of a strong perception of self (p. 195) . Mr. Willow needs to consider the authoritarian parent at home and ask Russell to turn in a new assignment whether it be for a grade or not. Mr. Willow can prevent cheating by being a more involved teacher and fostering an environment where students are not afraid to ask for help. He should go over his assignments and make sure that all the instructions are clear and students know what is being asked of them. Russell was an excellent student who had scored consistently high grades. The low grade in the genetics unit should have been a warning signal for Mr. Willow. He should have pulled Russell aside before or after class and asked if something was wrong. Even if Russell had not confided about what was going on at home he could have at the very least suggested Russell seek extra tutoring. By creating a supportive classroom setting he could have easily discovered what was happening with Russell without the need for consequences. Case #23 – Purposeful Deliberations – Constructivism Analysis:Show MoreRelatedLawrence Kohlberg ´s Development and Moral Reasoning819 Words   |  3 PagesLawrence Kohlberg was greatly influenced by Piaget, which laid the foundation for the basis of his theories of how moral and faith development is created. He hypothesized that there are six stage-like positions for the development of moral reasoning. Piaget’s focus consisted of a subject knowing and interacting with a well versed environment. Where Piaget was concerned how the person knows the world scientifically and mathematically, Kohlberg focused on how the person structured their experiencesRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) is the pioneer of the theory of stages of moral development and participated actively in the development of the fields of moral psychology and moral education. Kohlberg was especially inspired by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development. Mark Baldwin, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’sRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Jean Piaget And John Dewey1387 Words   |  6 Pagessmuggled Jews across enemy borders, Lawrence Kohlberg always wondered if he was a â€Å"good† man. What was more noble; protecting human lives, or upholding the law? 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